An immense number of studies based on different ethnicities have identified HLA class II associations with systemic lupus erythematosus especially the haplotypes containing DR2 and/or DR3 are directly involved in disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation, lupus nephritis and production and specificity of autoantibodies. Studies in European populations identified a potential association of the class II HLA-DRB1 alleles HLA-DRB1*0801, -*0301 and -*1501 with systemic lupus erythematosus. Two of these alleles (HLA-DRB1*0301 and -*1501) have also been identified in a recent study of the IMAGEN consortioum using high-density SNP typing across the major histocompatibility complex and in other populations.
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