Finally, a better understanding of the controls that act on T cells to stimulate or inhibit them has led to the use of reagents to enhance antitumor T-cell activity. For example, blocking antibodies to the inhibitory T-lymphocyte antigen CTLA-4, manipulation of regulatory T cells, antibodies to PDL or its ligand PDLI, and enhancement of co-stimulating molecules like B7 on antigen-presenting cells are a few examples of reagents that are being used in this manner in conjunction with vacci-treatments.
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