As in bacteria, protozoa can also suppress the immune response. Malaria and leismania organisms release soluble antigens that nonspecifically suppress the immune response by acting on lymphocytes or the reticuloendothelial system. Several parasites undergo development stages that are resistant to complement-mediated lysis. Finally, leishmania can down-regulate expression of MHC class II expression of parasitized macrophages, which reduces the effectiveness of CD8 T cells.
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