Although most protozoa stimulate the production of IgG and IgM antibodies, these antibodies are probably not protective, and thus vaccines have not yet been successful in the control or prevention of malaria. Also in the case of malaria, protozoa invade erythrhocytes and hepatocytes and thus are hidden from the immune response. Clinically, many of the signs and symptoms of these patients are related to the destruction of red blood cells and hepatocytes; therefore, anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, hypostasis, hypotension, tender hepatomegaly, and biphasic fever are hallmarks of the disease.
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