Cell replacement therapies
Stem cell research is also anticipated to contribute to new cell-based therapies through the use of cells generated from embryonic stem cells and/or induced pluripotent stem cells, or of ex vivo tissue stem cells, to replace missing or damaged cells, and (in the future) to generate artificial organs for transplantation. Although is not yet possible to generate many cell types in the lab, or to expand many tissue stem cell types ex vivo, clinical trials using human fetal and adult cells, as well as human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, are already in progress or on the horizon. For example, retinal pigmen epithelial cells have been produced from both human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (Carr et al., 2013, Jin et al., 2009), and both cases are conducting clinical trials to test the capacity of these pluripotent cell-derived cells to treat macular degeneration.
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