Induced pluripotent stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells were discovered in 2006 using mouse cells (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006); just a year later, this finding was replicated in human cells (Takahashi et al., 2007, Yu et al., 2007). Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from specialized cells by using a technique called "reprogramming". This groundbreaking work was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012. Researchers have rapidly adopted induced pluripotent stem cells for study, although there is on going discussion in the field about whether they are completely interchangeable with embryonic stem cells (Yamanaka, 2012)
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