Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells (DCs) were the first to be used for treating melanome patients, and several pilot studies have been published. Most used defined antigens in the form of peptides, but in some studies, tumor lysates or autologous DC tumor hybrids were also employed. The first trial, published in 1998 by Nestle and colleagues, aroused great interest given an overall response rate of 30% in stage IV patients (ie, distant metastases), including complete responses. An important point in the first study by Nestle and colleagues was that they use fetal calf serum (FCS) during DC generation, and this might have contributed to the observed effects by providing nonspecific helper epitopes and by promoting the maturation of DCs.
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