In kidney transplantation, several modifications of the crossmatch assay have been used to increase its sensitivity, including anti-human globulin (AHG) augmentation, flow cytometri, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and B-cell crossmatach. Serum treatment with dithiothreitol is used to distinguish clinically irrelevant Ig-M-type antibodies from IgG antibodies.
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